簡婷
安科瑞電氣股份有限公司 上海嘉定 201801
摘 要：交流充電樁俗稱“慢充樁"，固定安裝在電動汽車外、與交流電網(wǎng)連接，國標(biāo)采用 220V單相交流電，為電動汽車車載充電機(jī)（即固定安裝在電動汽車上的充電機(jī)）提供交流電源的供電裝置。國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)GB51348-2019中規(guī)定儲備倉庫、電動車充電等場所的末端回路應(yīng)設(shè)置限流式電氣防火保護(hù)器。電氣防火限流式保護(hù)器可以克服傳統(tǒng)斷路器、空氣開關(guān)和監(jiān)控設(shè)備存在的短路電流大、切斷短路電流時(shí)間長、短路時(shí)產(chǎn)生的電弧火花大，以及使用壽命短等弊端，當(dāng)發(fā)生短路故障時(shí)，能以微秒級速度快速限制短路電流以實(shí)現(xiàn)滅弧保護(hù)，從而能顯著減少電氣火災(zāi)事故，保障使用場所人員和財(cái)產(chǎn)的安全。
Abstract: AC charging pile, commonly known as "slow charging pile", is fixedly installed outside the electric vehicle and connected to the AC grid. The national standard adopts 220V single-phase alternating current on the power supply device that provides AC power on-board chargers for electric vehicles (that is, the chargers that fixedly installed on electric vehicles). The national standard GB51348-2019 stipulates that it should be equipped with current-limiting electrical fire protection devices in the places for reserve warehouses, electric vehicle charging and so on. Electrical fire-resistant current-limiting protectors can effectively overcome the disadvantages such as high current during short-circuit, long time to cut off short-circuit current, large arc sparks generated during short-circuit, and short service life of the traditional circuit breakers like air switches and monitoring equipments.When a short-circuit fault occurs,it can quickly limit the short-circuit current at a microsecond speed to achieve arc extinguishing protection, which can significantly reduce electrical fire accidents and ensure the safety of personnel and property on site.
關(guān)鍵詞：電動車充電樁；交流充電樁；充電樁配電箱；慢充樁；短路保護(hù)；電氣防火
Keywords: electric vehicle charging pile; AC charging pile; charging pile distribution box; slow charging pile; short-circuit protection; electrical fire protection
0 行業(yè)背景
隨著世界的發(fā)展，環(huán)境保護(hù)成為整個(gè)人類命運(yùn)共同體的任務(wù)。新能源車因?yàn)闆]有尾氣排放，不會產(chǎn)生一氧化碳，二氧化碳，氮氧化合物等有害物質(zhì)，沒有噪聲污染，對環(huán)境污染較小，各國也為此提供優(yōu)惠政策鼓勵電動車科技的普及。
With the development of the world, environmental protection has become the task of the human community with a shared future. Because new energy vehicles have no exhaust emissions, no harmful substances such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, no noise pollution, and less environmental pollution, governments around the world also provide preferential policies to encourage the popularization of electric vehicle technology.
交流充電樁俗稱“慢充樁"，固定安裝在電動汽車外、與交流電網(wǎng)連接，國標(biāo)采用 220V 單相交流電，為電動汽車車載充電機(jī)（即固定安裝在電動汽車上的充電機(jī)）提供交流電源的供電裝置。交流充電樁只提供電力輸出，沒有充電功能，需連接車載充電機(jī)為電動汽車充電，只起到控制電源的作用的。其采用符合國標(biāo)的交流充電模式，輸出功率不高于 7kW，一般車輛電池從 0 到充滿需要 5-8 小時(shí)，具體情況視不同車型動力電池容量及實(shí)際充電功率而定。
AC charging pile, commonly known as "slow charging pile", is fixedly installed outside the electric vehicle and connected to the AC grid. The national standard adopts 220V single-phase alternating current on the power supply device that provides AC power on-board chargers for electric vehicles (that is, the chargers that fixedly installed on electric vehicles). The AC charging pile only provides power output and has no charging function. It needs to be connected to the on-board charger to charge the electric vehicle, which only plays the role of controlling the power source. It adopts an AC charging mode that conforms to the national standard, and the output power is not higher than 7kW. Generally, it takes 5-8 hours for a vehicle battery to be fully charged from 0. The specific situation depends on the capacity of the power battery of different models and the actual charging power.
對于電動車充電樁，國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)GB51348-2019《民用建筑電氣設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》中13.5.5規(guī)定，儲備倉庫、電動車充電等場所的末端回路應(yīng)設(shè)置限流式電氣防火保護(hù)器。
For electric vehicle charging piles, the national standard GB51348-2019 《Civil Building Electrical Design Standards》13.5.5 stipulates that it should be equipped with current-limiting electrical fire protection devices in the places for reserve warehouses, electric vehicle charging and so on.
1 產(chǎn)品介紹
ASCP系列電氣防火限流式保護(hù)器是安科瑞專門為了保護(hù)低壓配電線路中短路、過載等問題研發(fā)，可以克服傳統(tǒng)斷路器、空氣開關(guān)和監(jiān)控設(shè)備存在的短路電流大、切斷短路電流時(shí)間長、短路時(shí)產(chǎn)生的電弧火花大，以及使用壽命短等弊端，當(dāng)發(fā)生短路故障時(shí)，能以微秒級速度快速限制短路電流以實(shí)現(xiàn)滅弧保護(hù)，從而能顯著減少電氣火災(zāi)事故，保障使用場所人員和財(cái)產(chǎn)的安全。
The ASCP series of electrical fire-resistant current-limiting protectors are specially developed by Acrel to protect short-circuit and overload problems in low-voltage power distribution lines. It can effectively overcome the disadvantages such as high current during short-circuit, long time to cut off short-circuit current, large arc sparks generated during short-circuit, and short service life of the traditional circuit breakers like air switches and monitoring equipments. When a short-circuit fault occurs,it can quickly limit the short-circuit current at a microsecond speed to achieve arc extinguishing protection, which can significantly reduce electrical fire accidents and ensure the safety of personnel and property on site.
ASCP系列電氣防火限流式保護(hù)器可廣泛應(yīng)用于學(xué)校、醫(yī)院、商場、賓館、娛樂場所、寺廟、文物建筑、圖書館、檔案室、會展、住宅、倉庫、幼兒園、老年人建筑、集體宿舍、電動車充電站及租售式商場商鋪、批發(fā)市場、集貿(mào)市場、甲乙丙類危險(xiǎn)品庫房等各種用電場所末端干、支路的線路保護(hù)。
The ASCP series of electrical fire protection current-limiting protectors can be widely used in the protection of main and branch line in various places where electricity is used,such as schools, hospitals, shopping malls, hotels, entertainment venues, temples, cultural relics, libraries, archives, exhibitions, residences, warehouses, kindergartens, elderly buildings, dormitories, Electric vehicle charging stations and leased-for-sale shopping malls, wholesale markets, bazaars, dangerous goods warehouses for Class A, B, and C, and so on.
對于電動汽車充電站中采用集中配電箱的情況，使用ASCP500-40B系列多回路限流式保護(hù)箱。既簡化了安裝，也比較美觀實(shí)用。產(chǎn)品如下圖所示。
For the case of using a centralized distribution box in an electric vehicle charging station, it is recommended to use the ASCP500-40B series of multi-circuit current-limiting protective boxes. It not only simplifies the installation, but also can be more beautiful and practical. The product is showed below.
2 功能介紹
2.1短路保護(hù)功能。保護(hù)器實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測4/6個(gè)用電線路電流，當(dāng)線路發(fā)生短路故障時(shí)，能在150微秒內(nèi)實(shí)現(xiàn)快速限流保護(hù)，并發(fā)出聲光報(bào)警信號。
The function of Short-circuit protection. The protector monitors the current of 4/6 power lines in real time. When a short-circuit fault occurs, it can achieve rapid current-limiting protection within 150 microseconds and send out sound and light alarm signal.
2.2過載保護(hù)功能。當(dāng)被保護(hù)線路的電流過載且過載持續(xù)時(shí)間超過動作時(shí)間（3~60秒可設(shè)）時(shí)，保護(hù)器啟動限流保護(hù)，并發(fā)出聲光報(bào)警信號。
The function of overload protection. When the current of the protected circuit is overloaded and the duration of the overload exceeds the action time (3~60 seconds can be set), the protector will start the current-limiting protection and send out sound and light alarm signal.
2.3表內(nèi)超溫保護(hù)功能。當(dāng)保護(hù)器內(nèi)部器件工作溫度過高時(shí)，保護(hù)器實(shí)施超溫限流保護(hù)，并發(fā)出聲光報(bào)警信號。
The function of over-temperature protection in the meter. When the operating temperature of the internal components of the protector is too high, the protector implements over-temperature and current-limiting protection and sends out sound and light alarm signal
2.4過欠壓保護(hù)功能。當(dāng)保護(hù)器檢測到線路電壓欠壓或過壓時(shí)，保護(hù)器發(fā)出聲光報(bào)警信號，可預(yù)先設(shè)置是否啟動限流保護(hù)。
The function of Over-voltage protection. When the protector detects undervoltage or overvoltage of the line voltage, the protector sends out sound and light alarm signal, and it can be set in advance whether to activate current-limiting protection.
2.5漏電流監(jiān)測功能。當(dāng)被監(jiān)測的線路漏電超過報(bào)警設(shè)定值時(shí)，保護(hù)器發(fā)出聲光報(bào)警信號，可預(yù)先設(shè)置是否啟動限流保護(hù)。
The function of leakage current monitoring. When the monitored line leakage exceeds the alarm setting value, the protector will send out sound and light alarm signal，and it can be set in advance whether to activate current limiting protection.
2.6保護(hù)器顯示單元具有1路RS485接口，可以外接無線通訊模塊，支持2G、NB-IoT和4G，可以將數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)送到后臺監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)程監(jiān)控。監(jiān)控后臺可以是安科瑞Acrel-6000/B電氣火災(zāi)監(jiān)控主機(jī)，也可以是安科瑞Acrel-6000安全用電管理云平臺，或三方監(jiān)控軟件或平臺。
The protector display unit has a RS485 interface, which can be connected to a wireless communication module, supports 2G, NB-IoT and 4G, and can send data to the background monitoring system to realize remote monitoring. The monitoring background not only can be the host for electrical fire monitoring of Acrel Acrel-6000/B ,but also can be the safe cloud platform for power management of Ankerui Acrel-6000, even can be a third-party monitoring software or platform.
3 產(chǎn)品應(yīng)用
對于交流充電樁，一般會采用集中供電的方式，如果是戶外立柱安裝，充電樁分布在多個(gè)位置，位置比較分散，每個(gè)充電樁都去安裝電氣防火限流式保護(hù)器，比較麻煩，而且沒有安裝位置，而且防水要求較高。如果是室內(nèi)掛墻安裝，保護(hù)器安裝在墻面需要占用一定位置。而采用統(tǒng)一集中安裝的方式，方便管理和維護(hù)。
For AC charging piles, centralized power supply is generally used. If it is installed outdoor, the charging piles are distributed in multiple locations, and the positions are relatively scattered. It’s trouble to install electrical fire-resistant current-limiting protector on every charging pile,and also,there is no installation location and the requirement of waterproof is really high.. If it is installed on the wall indoor, the protector needs a certain position.However, the unified and centralized installation way is convenient to manage and maintain.
室內(nèi)停車場，充電樁采用壁掛的方式
Indoor parking lot, the charging pile is wall-mounted
戶外停車場，采用立柱的方式分散安裝
Outdoor parking lot, using columns to install dispersedly
充電樁的配電箱一般在設(shè)計(jì)的時(shí)候就采用集中安裝的方式，如下圖所示。
The distribution box of the charging pile is generally installed in a centralized manner during the design, as shown in the following figure.
所以根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)圖紙，可以分批集中安裝于墻面。
Therefore, it can be installed on the wall in batches according to the design drawings.
4 結(jié)語
新能源汽車行業(yè)持續(xù)發(fā)展，越來越多的居民小區(qū)和商業(yè)建筑都在新建或者改造電動汽車充電樁，而電氣防火限流式保護(hù)器的安裝又是必要元件，所以一個(gè)好的配套安裝至關(guān)重要。我們應(yīng)該探索更多的電氣防火限流式保護(hù)器的安裝與使用。
The new energy vehicle industry continues to develop, and more and more residential communities and commercial buildings are building or renovating electric vehicle charging piles. The installation of electrical fire protection current-limiting protectors is a necessary component, so a good supporting installation is crucial important. We should explore the installation and use of more electrical fire-resistant current-limiting protectors.
國內(nèi)電氣火災(zāi)統(tǒng)計(jì)和分析
隨著社會經(jīng)濟(jì)的飛速發(fā)展，社會電氣化程度不斷提高，用電負(fù)荷過大、線路短路等原因?qū)е码姎饣馂?zāi)發(fā)生越來越頻繁，使得火災(zāi)數(shù)量呈上升趨勢。
據(jù)5年的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析，電氣火災(zāi)發(fā)生的場所中，住宅發(fā)生火災(zāi)事故的數(shù)量高居前列（占比51%），線路短路及線路老化是誘發(fā)事故的主要原因。
通過對5年電氣火災(zāi)故事原因分析發(fā)現(xiàn)，主要有電線短路、過負(fù)荷用電、接觸不良等幾種原因?qū)е率鹿拾l(fā)生。其中，電線短路占比48%。
配電線路短路特點(diǎn)
線路短路時(shí)，短路電流在很短時(shí)間內(nèi)能達(dá)到額定電流的十幾倍甚至幾十倍。根據(jù)焦耳定律∶Q=I2Rt，在短路點(diǎn)產(chǎn)生的熱量成指數(shù)倍增加，使短路點(diǎn)瞬間熔化并火星四濺，很易引發(fā)火災(zāi)事故。
傳統(tǒng)短路保護(hù)手段
傳統(tǒng)保護(hù)方式采用電磁脫扣式斷路器，檢測到短路時(shí)，脫扣器動作，分?jǐn)鄷r(shí)間在毫秒級，無法控制短路電流。好的方式是采用響應(yīng)速度快的限流技術(shù)和器件。
ASCP10-1電氣防火限流式保護(hù)器
額定電流：0~20A可設(shè)置
主要功能
短路限流：當(dāng)線路發(fā)生短路故障時(shí)，能在150μs內(nèi)實(shí)現(xiàn)快速限流保護(hù)，控制因短路電流過大所引起的電氣火災(zāi)事故。
過載限流：當(dāng)被保護(hù)線路的電流超過額定電流，線路過載且過載持續(xù)時(shí)間超過設(shè)定時(shí)間（3-60秒）時(shí)，保護(hù)器進(jìn)行限流保護(hù)。
超溫限流：當(dāng)保護(hù)器的內(nèi)部元器件溫度超過設(shè)定值時(shí)，產(chǎn)品啟動超溫限流保護(hù)功能，防止因溫度過高造成產(chǎn)品損壞。
通訊功能：一路RS485接口，Modbus-RTU協(xié)議。
ASCP200-1電氣防火限流式保護(hù)器
額定電流：0~63A可設(shè)置
主要功能：
短路限流：當(dāng)線路發(fā)生短路故障時(shí)，能在150μs內(nèi)實(shí)現(xiàn)快速限流保護(hù)，控制因短路電流過大所引起的電氣火災(zāi)事故。
過載限流：當(dāng)被保護(hù)線路的電流超過額定電流，線路過載且過載持續(xù)時(shí)間超過設(shè)定時(shí)間（3-60秒）時(shí)，保護(hù)器進(jìn)行限流保護(hù)。
超溫限流：當(dāng)保護(hù)器的內(nèi)部元器件溫度超過設(shè)定值時(shí)，產(chǎn)品啟動超溫限流保護(hù)功能，防止因溫度過高造成產(chǎn)品損壞。
過/欠壓保護(hù)：當(dāng)保護(hù)器檢測到線路電壓欠壓或過壓時(shí)，保護(hù)器發(fā)出聲光報(bào)警信號，可預(yù)先設(shè)置是否啟動限流保護(hù)。
ASCP200-1電氣防火限流式保護(hù)器
額定電流：0~63A可設(shè)置
主要功能：
線纜溫度監(jiān)測：當(dāng)被監(jiān)測線纜溫度超過報(bào)警設(shè)定值時(shí)，保護(hù)器發(fā)出聲光報(bào)警信號，可預(yù)先設(shè)置是否啟動限流保護(hù)。
漏電流監(jiān)測：當(dāng)被監(jiān)測的線路漏電超過報(bào)警設(shè)定值時(shí)，保護(hù)器發(fā)出聲光報(bào)警信號，可預(yù)先設(shè)置是否啟動限流保護(hù)。
通訊功能：具有1路RS485接口，1路2G無線通訊，可以將數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)送到后臺監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)程監(jiān)控。監(jiān)控后臺可以是 安科瑞Acrel-6000/B電氣火災(zāi)監(jiān)控主機(jī)，也可以是安科瑞Acrel-6000安全云平臺，或三方監(jiān)控軟件或平臺。
技術(shù)參數(shù)：
ASCP系列電氣防火限流式保護(hù)器—安裝與接線
尺寸與安裝：
接線方式：
作者簡介：簡婷，女，本科，現(xiàn)就職于安科瑞電氣股份有限公司，主要研究方向?yàn)榻ㄖ芎谋O(jiān)測系統(tǒng)。
電氣防火限流式保護(hù)器可有效克服傳統(tǒng)斷路器、空氣開關(guān)和監(jiān)控設(shè)備存在的短路電流大、切斷短路電流時(shí)間長、短路時(shí)產(chǎn)生的電弧火花大，以及使用壽命短等弊端，發(fā)生短路故障時(shí)，能以微秒級速度快速限制短路電流以實(shí)現(xiàn)滅弧保護(hù)，從而能顯著減少電氣火災(zāi)事故，保障使用場所人員和財(cái)產(chǎn)的安全。
ASCP200-1 型電氣防火限流式保護(hù)器是單相限流式保護(hù)器，大額定電流為 63A。可廣泛應(yīng)用于學(xué)校、醫(yī)院、商場、賓館、娛樂場所、寺廟、文物建筑、會展、住宅、倉庫、幼兒園、老年人建筑、集體宿舍、電動車充電站及租賃式商場商鋪、批發(fā)市場、集貿(mào)市場、甲乙丙類危險(xiǎn)品庫房等各種用電場所末端干、支路的線路保護(hù)。
